9 de enero de 2009

No hay lugar como el hogar

Crítica de "Australia", Baz Luhrmann, 2007.


Dice Baz Luhrmann en una entrevista que temía un poco del nombre de su película debido a lo lejano, raro y bizarro que pudiera representar para las audiencias del mundo; y resume sus temores en una línea de Out of Africa (Sydney Pollack, 1985), en donde la protagonista, decepcionada de la vida, decide irse lejos y menciona a Australia como una posibilidad de escape, posibilidad que tan pronto piensa en ella la rechaza. Para los que no vivimos en la ‘ladera este’, el país oceánico nos parece raro, lejano, exótico pero que llama poderosamente la atención. A pesar de sus temores, Luhrmann se inclina por su deber patriótico en aras de darle un lugar, una identidad y una visión a aquellos otros occidentales que conquistaron las orillas del mundo, guardando distancias relativas.

Existe un buen número de películas que, sin ser lecciones de Historia, buscan darle identidad y permanencia a un país, o un lugar en concreto. Pienso en Gangs of New York de Scorsese, que explica la génesis de la capital del mundo moderno; pienso en Ying xiong de Yimou Zhang, película que, utilizando una efectiva técnica narrativa, nos enseña dónde se cimienta un imperio; pienso también en Gone with the wind de Victor Fleming y Forrest Gump de Robert Zemeckis, ambas resumen, a su manera, los sentimientos más profundos del american way of life, la identidad gringa. Películas que se quedarían en el proselitismo ramplón, al más puro viejo estilo comunista, sino fuera porque se decantan hacia una universalidad que traspasa fronteras temporales y que aún permanecen en la memoria. Este propósito último parece ser el caldo de cultivo de Luhrmann en la hora que se dedicó a escribir el guión de Australia, si recordamos que al inicio Nullah, el narrador, nos cuenta una leyenda que se remonta a los orígenes de la Tierra y, a través de su punto de vista, van apareciendo los momentos más significativos de esa tierra que la separa de todas las demás. En esto Nullah no sólo es el narrador sino que al ser producto de las dos raíces principales, de los nativos y los ingleses, toma el mando de protagonista, un héroe cuyo recorrido apenas comienza, un héroe que resume la esencia misma del ser de Australia.

Pareciera que estamos ante la Gone with the Wind de éste siglo, el rodaje épico por excelencia. Al menos cuenta con todas las características para ello: un romance, la promesa de las nuevas generaciones y la amenaza de una guerra. Pero conforme pasan los minutos de metraje, el filme se desprende de la tradición épica para acercarse más a lo fantástico y sobrehumano. King George no sólo es un nativo más presente a lo largo de la película, no sólo es el abuelo de Nullah ni su mentor; es, en este cuento de hadas, el prestidigitador que teje los destinos de los buenos y malos que habitan esa sempiterna tierra: cuando el héroe se encuentra al borde de la muerte es salvado por su omnipresente salvador, como en la tragedia clásica. King George es, en estos términos, el elemento que tuerce la epopeya hacia la tradición de The wizard of Oz, la otra obra magna de Fleming. De ahí que el guiño principal sea la frase mil veces citada “there’s no place like home”. Home, dice Luhrmann como guionista, es Australia, es Kansas, pero también puede ser cualquier otra parte del mundo.

Ya estando inmersos en un cuento de hadas con sus buenos y malos, con un pequeño Ulises aborigen en pleno viaje, el filme se divide estructuralmente en dos: una época de esplendor y otra de catástrofe. Ésta clara división deviene de una tradición clásica, baste recordar La novela de Genji de Shikibu.



Así, la primera mitad, que corre como una evocación, aparecen los elementos del cine western, resumiendo con ello lo difícil y complicado que debió ser un principio la conquista de tan agrestes y lejanas tierras. Lady Ashley junto a Drover arrean el ganado hacia el puerto de Darwin para vendérselo al ejército, momento en el que aparece la amenaza de la guerra, sorteando las dificultades que le imponen los malos comandados por Fletcher. Ahsley y Drover cimentan su romance, y teniendo la tutela de Nullah, conforman la sagrada familia que vive feliz en el rancho Faraway Downs en el génesis australiano; familia que pronto vivirá su separación y éxodo bajo la amenaza de Fletcher y el avance imparable de la guerra en la otra mitad del filme.

Justo antes de terminar la primera mitad, el guión recuerda a un pasaje de Guerra y Paz de Tolstoi: así como Anna Mijáilovna pide el auxilio de las altas esferas rusas para el bien de su hijo Boris, de la misma forma Lady Ashley recurre a las altas esferas de la autoridad australiana para beneficio de su hijo adoptivo Nullah; cosa que no consigue.

Corriendo la catástrofe, Fletcher, de jugar el papel de “padre maldito” de toda una generación negada, se va convirtiendo en el Herodes del testamento australiano. Ya instalado como el villano principal, busca eliminar a los infantes impuros, en un arranque magnánimo. El villano busca eliminar aquellos que reviertan su reinado despótico. A través de las acciones de éste personaje así como de la alta sociedad de Darwin, la película revela aspectos oscuros de la historia del país, una de esas características que la destaca de otras: todavía hoy es común el racismo hacia los aborígenes. Tan sólo recuérdese la benevolencia con que se trataba a Cathy Freeman en los pasados juegos olímpicos de Sydney.

Ya estacionada la nube del infortunio sobre Darwin, y habiendo sido atacado por la flota imperial japonesa, la pareja principal se ha separado y la promesa de un mujer futuro para Australia, que recae en los niños de la isla, se ve amenazado. Pero el Oz nativo, King George, con sus cánticos (y con su proyectil), interviene para salvar a su sagrada tierra de los malos. El héroe es otra vez salvado.

Que la película, en su ejecución, resulte cómica y encantadora, en su mezcla de diferentes géneros (western, drama, comedia romántica, cuentos de hadas), habla de una pretensión totalizadora, que, una vez puesta en la balanza, resulta bastante favorable. Tantos los guiños a sus herencias ocultas como los paisajes que de repente parecen artificiales, en esa fotografía demasiado policromática, en donde hasta lo grotesco resulta atractivo porque lo rojo es más rojo y lo azul más azul, “Australia” resulta un relato fundacional épico, sí, pero en la tradición de The Wizard of Oz.

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